Recombinant mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 with post-translational modifications boosts IFN-gamma production from BCG-vaccinated individuals' blood cells in combination with CpG-DNA.

Tuberculosis remains a large health threat, despite the availability of the tuberculosis vaccine, BCG. As BCG efficacy gradually decreases from adolescence, BCG-Prime and antigen-booster may be an efficient strategy to confer vaccine efficacy. Mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1, namely Rv2986c, hupB or HU) is a major Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein that induces vaccine-efficacy by co-administration with CpG DNA. To produce MDP1 for booster-vaccine use, we have created recombinant MDP1 produced in both Escherichia coli (eMDP1) and Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (mMDP1), an avirulent rapid-growing mycobacteria. We tested their immunogenicity by checking interferon (IFN)-gamma production by stimulated peripheral blood cells derived from BCG-vaccinated individuals. Similar to native M. tuberculosis MDP1, we observed that most lysin resides in the C-terminal half of mMDP1 are highly methylated. In contrast, eMDP1 had less post-translational modifications and IFN-gamma stimulation. mMDP1 stimulated the highest amount of IFN-gamma production among the examined native M. tuberculosis proteins including immunodominant MPT32 and Antigen 85 complex. MDP1-mediated IFN-gamma production was more strongly enhanced when combined with a new type of CpG DNA G9.1 than any other tested CpG DNAs. Taken together, these results suggest that the combination of mMDP1 and G9.1 possess high potential use for human booster vaccine against tuberculosis.

Genetic engineering employing MPB70 and its promoter enables efficient secretion and expression of foreign antigen in bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) Tokyo.

Vaccination is an important factor in public health. The recombinant bacillus Calmette Guérin (rBCG) vaccine, which expresses foreign antigens, is expected to be a superior vaccine against infectious diseases. Here, we report a new recombination platform in which the BCG Tokyo strain is transformed with nucleotide sequences encoding foreign protein fused with the MPB70 immunogenic protein precursor. By RNA-sequencing, mpb70 was found to be the most transcribed among all known genes of BCG Tokyo. Small oligopeptide, namely, polyhistidine tag, was able to be expressed in and secreted from rBCG through a process in which polyhistidine tag fused with intact MPB70 were transcribed by an mpb70 promoter. This methodology was applied to develop an rBCG expressing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Immunoblotting images and mass spectrometry data showed that RBD was also secreted from rBCG. Sera from mice vaccinated with the rBCG showed a tendency of weak neutralizing capacity. The secretion was retained even after a freeze-drying process. The freeze-dried rBCG was administered to and recovered from mice. Recovered rBCG kept secreting RBD. Collectively, our recombination platform offers stable secretion of foreign antigens and can be applied to the development of practical rBCGs.

Corrigendum: PlexinD1 signaling controls domain-specific dendritic development in newborn neurons in the postnatal olfactory bulb.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143130.].

Megalin is involved in angiotensinogen-induced, angiotensin II-mediated ERK1/2 signaling to activate Na + -H + exchanger 3 in proximal tubules.

BACKGROUND: Kidney angiotensin (Ang) II is produced mainly from liver-derived, glomerular-filtered angiotensinogen (AGT). Podocyte injury has been reported to increase the kidney Ang II content and induce Na + retention depending on the function of megalin, a proximal tubular endocytosis receptor. However, how megalin regulates the renal content and action of Ang II remains elusive. METHODS: We used a mass spectrometry-based, parallel reaction-monitoring assay to quantitate Ang II in plasma, urine, and kidney homogenate of kidney-specific conditional megalin knockout (MegKO) and control (Ctl) mice. We also evaluated the pathophysiological changes in both mouse genotypes under the basal condition and under the condition of increased glomerular filtration of AGT induced by administration of recombinant mouse AGT (rec-mAGT). RESULTS: Under the basal condition, plasma and kidney Ang II levels were comparable in the two mouse groups. Ang II was detected abundantly in fresh spot urine in conditional MegKO mice. Megalin was also found to mediate the uptake of intravenously administered fluorescent Ang II by PTECs. Administration of rec-mAGT increased kidney Ang II, exerted renal extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling, activated proximal tubular Na + -H + exchanger 3 (NHE3), and decreased urinary Na + excretion in Ctl mice, whereas these changes were suppressed but urinary Ang II was increased in conditional MegKO mice. CONCLUSION: Increased glomerular filtration of AGT is likely to augment Ang II production in the proximal tubular lumen. Thus, megalin-dependent Ang II uptake should be involved in the ERK1/2 signaling that activates proximal tubular NHE3 in vivo , thereby causing Na + retention.

Limited proteolysis of mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 with an extended, lysine-rich, intrinsically disordered region to unveil posttranslational modifications.

The basic, intrinsically disordered regions of eukaryotic histones and their bacterial counterparts are presumed to act as signaling hubs to regulate the compaction of chromosomes or nucleoids and various DNA processes such as gene expression, recombination, and DNA replication. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on these regions are pivotal in regulating chromosomal or nucleoid compaction and DNA processes. However, the low sequence complexity and the presence of short lysine-rich repeats in the regions have hindered the accurate determination of types and locations of PTMs using conventional proteomic procedures. We described a limited proteolysis protocol using trypsin to analyze PTMs on mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1), a nucleoid-associated protein in mycobacterial species that possesses an extended, lysine-rich, intrinsically disordered region in its C-terminal domain. This limited proteolysis approach successfully revealed significant methylation on many lysine residues in the C-terminal domain of MDP1 purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which was lacking in the corresponding region of recombinant MDP1 expressed in Escherichia coli.

PlexinD1 signaling controls domain-specific dendritic development in newborn neurons in the postnatal olfactory bulb.

Newborn neurons show immature bipolar morphology and continue to migrate toward their destinations. After the termination of migration, newborn neurons undergo spatially controlled dendrite formation and change into a complex morphology. The mechanisms of dendritic development of newborn neurons have not been fully understood. Here, we show that in the postnatal olfactory bulb (OB), the Sema3E-PlexinD1 signaling, which maintains bipolar morphology of newborn neurons, also regulates their dendritic development after the termination of migration in a dendritic domain-specific manner. Genetic ablation of Sema3E or PlexinD1 enhanced dendritic branching in the proximal domain of the apical dendrites of OB newborn granule cells, whereas PlexinD1 overexpression suppressed it in a Rho binding domain (RBD)-dependent manner. Furthermore, RhoJ, a small GTPase that directly binds to PlexinD1RBD in vascular endothelial cells, is expressed in migrating and differentiating newborn granule cells in the OB and is also involved in the suppression of proximal branching of their apical dendrites. These results suggest that the Sema3E-PlexinD1-RhoJ axis regulates domain-specific dendrite formation of newborn neurons in the postnatal OB.

Antibodies against native proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can detect pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Accurate point-of-care testing (POCT) is critical for managing tuberculosis (TB). However, current antibody-based diagnosis shows low specificity and sensitivity. To find proper antigen candidates for TB diagnosis by antibodies, we assessed IgGs responsiveness to Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins in pulmonary TB (PTB) patients. We employed major secreted proteins, such as Rv1860, Ag85C, PstS1, Rv2878c, Ag85B, and Rv1926c that were directly purified from M. tuberculosis. In the first screening, we found that IgG levels were significantly elevated in PTB patients only against Rv1860, PstS1, and Ag85B among tested antigens. However, recombinant PstS1 and Ag85B from Escherichia coli (E. coli) couldn't distinguish PTB patients and healthy controls (HC). Recombinant Rv1860 was not checked due to its little expression. Then, the 59 confirmed PTB patients from Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, and 102 HC were tested to Rv1860 and Ag85B only due to the low yield of the PstS1 from M. tuberculosis. The ROC analysis using native Ag85B and Rv1860 showed an acceptable area under curve for diagnosis, which is 0.812 (95% CI 0.734-0.890, p < 0.0001) and 0.821 (95% CI 0.752-0.890, p < 0.0001). This study indicates that taking consideration of native protein structure is key in developing TB's POCT by antibody-based diagnosis.

Axon Fasciculation, Mediated by Transmembrane Semaphorins, Is Critical for the Establishment of Segmental Specificity of Corticospinal Circuits.

Axon fasciculation is thought to be a critical step in neural circuit formation and function. Recent studies have revealed various molecular mechanisms that underlie axon fasciculation; however, the impacts of axon fasciculation, and its corollary, defasciculation, on neural circuit wiring remain unclear. Corticospinal (CS) neurons in the sensorimotor cortex project axons to the spinal cord to control skilled movements. In rodents, the axons remain tightly fasciculated in the brain and traverse the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord. Here we show that plexinA1 (PlexA1) and plexinA3 (PlexA3) receptors are expressed by CS neurons, whereas their ligands, semaphorin-5A (Sema5A) and semaphorin-5B (Sema5B) are expressed in the medulla at the decussation site of CS axons to inhibit premature defasciculation of these axons. In the absence of Sema5A/5B-PlexA1/A3 signaling, some CS axons are prematurely defasciculated in the medulla of the brainstem, and those defasciculated CS axons aberrantly transverse in the spinal gray matter instead of the spinal dorsal funiculus. In the absence of Sema5A/Sema5B-PlexA1/A3 signaling, CS axons, which would normally innervate the lumbar spinal cord, are unbundled in the spinal gray matter, and prematurely innervate the cervical gray matter with reduced innervation of the lumbar gray matter. In both Sema5A/5B and PlexA1/A3 mutant mice (both sexes), stimulation of the hindlimb motor cortex aberrantly evokes robust forelimb muscle activation. Finally, Sema5A/5B and PlexA1/A3 mutant mice show deficits in skilled movements. These results suggest that proper fasciculation of CS axons is required for appropriate neural circuit wiring and ultimately affect the ability to perform skilled movements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axon fasciculation is believed to be essential for neural circuit formation and function. However, whether and how defects in axon fasciculation affect the formation and function of neural circuits remain unclear. Here we examine whether the transmembrane proteins semaphorin-5A (Sema5A) and semaphorin-5B (Sema5B), and their receptors, plexinA1 (PlexA1) and plexinA3 (PlexA3) play roles in the development of corticospinal circuits. We find that Sema5A/Sema5B and PlexA1/A3 are required for proper axon fasciculation of corticospinal neurons. Furthermore, Sema5A/5B and PlexA1/A3 mutant mice show marked deficits in skilled motor behaviors. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that proper corticospinal axon fasciculation is required for the appropriate formation and functioning of corticospinal circuits in mice.

Theilovirus 3C Protease Cleaves the C-Terminal Domain of the Innate Immune RNA Sensor, Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5, and Impairs Double-Stranded RNA-Mediated IFN Response.

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), has pivotal roles in innate immune responses against many positive-stranded RNA viruses, including picornavirus and coronavirus. Upon engagement with dsRNA derived from viral infection, MDA5 initiates coordinated signal transduction leading to type I IFN induction to restrict viral replication. In this study, we describe a targeted cleavage events of MDA5 by the 3C protease from Theilovirus. Upon ectopic expression of theilovirus 3C protease from Saffold virus or Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus but not encephalomyocarditis virus, fragments of cleaved MDA5 were observed in a dose-dependent manner. When enzymatically inactive Theilovirus 3C protease was expressed, MDA5 cleavage was completely abrogated. Mass spectrometric analysis identified two cleavage sites at the C terminus of MDA5, cleaving off one of the RNA-binding domains. The same cleavage pattern was observed during Theilovirus infection. The cleavage of MDA5 by Theilovirus protease impaired ATP hydrolysis, RNA binding, and filament assembly on RNA, resulting in dysfunction of MDA5 as an innate immune RNA sensor for IFN induction. Furthermore, the cleavage-resistant MDA5 mutant against the 3C protease showed an enhanced IFN response during Saffold virus infection, indicating that Theilovirus has a strategy to circumvent the antiviral immune response by cleaving MDA5 using 3C protease. In summary, these data suggest MDA5 cleavage by 3C protease as a novel immune evasive strategy of Theilovirus.

Motor neurons use push-pull signals to direct vascular remodeling critical for their connectivity.

The nervous system requires metabolites and oxygen supplied by the neurovascular network, but this necessitates close apposition of neurons and endothelial cells. We find motor neurons attract vessels with long-range VEGF signaling, but endothelial cells in the axonal pathway are an obstacle for establishing connections with muscles. It is unclear how this paradoxical interference from heterotypic neurovascular contacts is averted. Through a mouse mutagenesis screen, we show that Plexin-D1 receptor is required in endothelial cells for development of neuromuscular connectivity. Motor neurons release Sema3C to elicit short-range repulsion via Plexin-D1, thus displacing endothelial cells that obstruct axon growth. When this signaling pathway is disrupted, epaxial motor neurons are blocked from reaching their muscle targets and concomitantly vascular patterning in the spinal cord is altered. Thus, an integrative system of opposing push-pull cues ensures detrimental axon-endothelial encounters are avoided while enabling vascularization within the nervous system and along peripheral nerves.

Brown adipose tissue dysfunction promotes heart failure via a trimethylamine N-oxide-dependent mechanism.

Low body temperature predicts a poor outcome in patients with heart failure, but the underlying pathological mechanisms and implications are largely unknown. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was initially characterised as a thermogenic organ, and recent studies have suggested it plays a crucial role in maintaining systemic metabolic health. While these reports suggest a potential link between BAT and heart failure, the potential role of BAT dysfunction in heart failure has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrate that alteration of BAT function contributes to development of heart failure through disorientation in choline metabolism. Thoracic aortic constriction (TAC) or myocardial infarction (MI) reduced the thermogenic capacity of BAT in mice, leading to significant reduction of body temperature with cold exposure. BAT became hypoxic with TAC or MI, and hypoxic stress induced apoptosis of brown adipocytes. Enhancement of BAT function improved thermogenesis and cardiac function in TAC mice. Conversely, systolic function was impaired in a mouse model of genetic BAT dysfunction, in association with a low survival rate after TAC. Metabolomic analysis showed that reduced BAT thermogenesis was associated with elevation of plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels. Administration of TMAO to mice led to significant reduction of phosphocreatine and ATP levels in cardiac tissue via suppression of mitochondrial complex IV activity. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of flavin-containing monooxygenase reduced the plasma TMAO level in mice, and improved cardiac dysfunction in animals with left ventricular pressure overload. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, body temperature was low along with elevation of plasma choline and TMAO levels. These results suggest that maintenance of BAT homeostasis and reducing TMAO production could be potential next-generation therapies for heart failure.

Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the appendix with ganglioneuromatosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Primary cancer of the appendix, especially signet-ring cell carcinoma, is an uncommon disease, and it is rarely suspected before surgery. Diffuse intestinal ganglioneuromatosis that is not associated with neurofibromatosis-1 or multiple endocrine neoplasia 2b is also rare. The most frequent symptoms caused by it are changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, and occlusive episodes. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 48-year-old woman who had a month-long history of chronic abdominal pain, fullness, constipation, and diarrhoea. Enhanced computed tomography showed a 100-mm irregular swelling in the appendix and thickening of the appendiceal wall with cystic dilatation. Based on a preoperative diagnosis of appendiceal cancer, the patient underwent laparoscopic ileocecal resection with D3 lymph node dissection. Pathological diagnosis revealed a signet-ring cell carcinoma of the appendix with ganglioneuromatosis. The patient completed four courses of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPEOX) as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, and 23-month postoperative outcome was noneventful without recurrence. CONCLUSION: We report a signet-ring cell carcinoma of the appendix that was detected early because of its presence with ganglioneuromatosis.

Synaptotagmin 2 is ectopically overexpressed in excitatory presynapses of a widely used CaMKΙΙα-Cre mouse line.

The CaMKΙΙα-Cre mouse lines, possibly the most used Cre lines in neuroscience, have resulted in over 800 articles to date. Here, we demonstrate that the second most widely used CaMKΙΙα-Cre line, Tg(Camk2a-cre)2Gsc (or CamiCre), shows ectopic overexpression of synaptotagmin 2, the most efficient Ca2+ sensor for fast synchronous neurotransmitter release, in excitatory presynapses of Cre+ brains. Moreover, the upregulation of immediate-early genes and genes incorporated in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenes, such as L-proline transporter Slc6a7, was found in Cre+ hippocampus. The copy number and integration site of the transgene are suggested to have caused the aberrant gene expression in Cre+ brains. Most importantly, CamiCre+ mice showed functional phenotypes, such as hyperactivity and enhanced associative learning, suggesting that neural activities are affected. These unexpected results suggest difficulties in interpreting results from studies using the CamiCre line and raise a warning of potential pitfalls in using Cre driver lines in general.

Extracellular Matrix-Oriented Proteomic Analysis of Periodontal Ligament Under Mechanical Stress.

The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a specialized connective tissue that provides structural support to the tooth and is crucial for oral functions. The mechanical properties of the PDL are mainly derived from the tissue-specific composition and structural characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM also plays key roles in determining cell fate in the cellular microenvironment thus crucial in the PDL tissue homeostasis. In the present study, we determined the comprehensive ECM profile of mouse molar PDL using laser microdissection and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis with ECM-oriented data curation. Additionally, we evaluated changes in the ECM proteome under mechanical loading using a mouse orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) model and analyzed potential regulatory networks using a bioinformatics approach. Proteomic changes were evaluated in reference to the novel second harmonic generation (SHG)-based fiber characterization. Our ECM-oriented proteomics approach succeeded in illustrating the comprehensive ECM profile of the mouse molar PDL. We revealed the presence of type II collagen in PDL, possibly associated with the load-bearing function upon occlusal force. Mechanical loading induced unique architectural changes in collagen fibers along with dynamic compositional changes in the matrisome profile, particularly involving ECM glycoproteins and matrisome-associated proteins. We identified several unique matrisome proteins which responded to the different modes of mechanical loading in PDL. Notably, the proportion of type VI collagen significantly increased at the mesial side, contributing to collagen fibrogenesis. On the other hand, type XII collagen increased at the PDL-cementum boundary of the distal side. Furthermore, a multifaceted bioinformatics approach illustrated the potential molecular cues, including PDGF signaling, that maintain ECM homeostasis under mechanical loading. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the molecular network underlying ECM homeostasis in PDL, which is vital for clinical diagnosis and development of biomimetic tissue-regeneration strategies.

A Novel Method of CD31-Combined ABO Carbohydrate Antigen Microarray Predicts Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection in ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation.

Isohemagglutinin assays employing red blood cells (RBCs) are the most common assays used to measure antibody titer in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi KTx). However, ABO antigens expressed on RBCs are not identical to those of kidney and antibody titers do not always correlate with clinical outcome. We previously reported that CD31 was the main protein linked to ABO antigens on kidney endothelial cells (KECs), which was different from those on RBCs. We developed a new method to measure antibody titer using a microarray of recombinant CD31 (rCD31) linked to ABO antigens (CD31-ABO microarray). Mass spectrometry analysis suggested that rCD31 and native CD31 purified from human kidney had similar ABO glycan. To confirm clinical use of CD31-ABO microarray, a total of 252 plasma samples including volunteers, hemodialysis patients, and transplant recipients were examined. In transplant recipients, any initial IgG or IgM antibody intensity >30,000 against the donor blood type in the CD31-ABO microarray showed higher sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of AABMR, compared to isohemagglutinin assays. Use of a CD31-ABO microarray to determine antibody titer specifically against ABO antigens expressed on KECs will contribute to precisely predicting AABMR or preventing over immunosuppression following ABOi KTx.

Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B regulates lysosomal integrity and lifespan of senescent cells.

Accumulation of senescent cells in various tissues has been reported to have a pathological role in age-associated diseases. Elimination of senescent cells (senolysis) was recently reported to reversibly improve pathological aging phenotypes without increasing rates of cancer. We previously identified glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) as a seno-antigen specifically expressed by senescent human vascular endothelial cells and demonstrated that vaccination against Gpnmb eliminated Gpnmb-positive senescent cells, leading to an improvement of age-associated pathologies in mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether GPNMB plays a role in senescent cells. We examined the potential role of GPNMB in senescent cells by testing the effects of GPNMB depletion and overexpression in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of GPNMB from human vascular endothelial cells shortened their replicative lifespan and increased the expression of negative cell cycle regulators. Conversely, GPNMB overexpression protected these cells against stress-induced premature senescence. Depletion of Gpnmb led to impairment of vascular function and enhanced atherogenesis in mice, whereas overexpression attenuated dietary vascular dysfunction and atherogenesis. GPNMB was upregulated by lysosomal stress associated with cellular senescence and was a crucial protective factor in maintaining lysosomal integrity. GPNMB is a seno-antigen that acts as a survival factor in senescent cells, suggesting that targeting seno-antigens such as GPNMB may be a novel strategy for senolytic treatments.

A facile chemical process to form an ultrathin hydroxyapatite layer with a customizable silver-releasing function on a titanium implant.

Silver-containing hydroxyapatite (Ag/HAp) layer on a bioinert material provides both bioactive and antibacterial properties; however, the Ag release duration needs to be customized to a patient's age and metabolism for minimizing the toxic effects. Herein, we present a facile chemical process to produce an ultrathin Ag/HAp layer on a Ti implant with a customized Ag-releasing profile. The process involves the following steps: preparation of a slurry-type reagent by mixing calcium phosphate powder with an aqueous AgNO3 solution, burying a Ti substrate in the slurry, and heating the slurry in air. An HAp layer, approximately 50 nm thick, with Ag particle deposits was obtained using this process. The Ag-particle content can be varied by adjusting the concentration of AgNO3 solution used for slurry preparation, resulting in different Ag-release profiles in a physiological solution. For instance, Ag release was retained for up to 30 days when 100 mM AgNO3 was used, whereas the release lasted 15 days when 10 mM AgNO3 was used. The duration of the antibacterial activity varied accordingly, but Ag-release-derived cytotoxicity was not observed irrespective of the AgNO3 concentration. In addition, differentiation of osteoblast-like cells was facilitated owing to the formation of the HAp layer. Thus, the chemical process presented in this study allows the production-at a clinical site-of an Ag/HAp layer customized to the patient's needs.

Information provision and retrieval by registered salespersons from consumers during over-the-counter drug sales - a questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: In Japan, non-pharmacists who are accredited as registered salespersons can sell over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, and they play a very important role in supporting proper OTC drug use by consumers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate information provided to and information collected from consumers, and cooperation with pharmacists during OTC drug sales by registered salespersons, and to clarify their related concerns and behaviors. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of 385 registered salespersons working at 56 drugstores throughout Japan was conducted. Based on the questionnaire survey, the frequency of information provision/collection in various categories was determined for the registered salespersons. The relation between concerns of registered salespersons relating to OTC drug sales and the frequency of information provision/collection was examined. The frequency of consultation of registered salespersons with a pharmacist was calculated for registered salespersons with/without in-store pharmacists. The χ-square test or Fisher's exact test was performed to assess the significance of differences. RESULTS: Two hundred and seven registered salespersons (53.7%) responded completely. A greater number of OTC drug purchasers per day was associated with a greater frequency of information provision about "side effects" and information collection about "favorite items" (alcohol, tobacco, health foods, etc.) (p < 0.05). One hundred and thirty-nine (67.2%) participants had concerns about "interactions between OTC drugs and prescription drugs", and these concerns were related to the frequency of information provision/collection (p < 0.05). Regarding the frequency of consultation with a pharmacist, 35 of 46 participants (76.1%) working with pharmacists answered "always" or "usually", whereas only 19 of 161 participants (11.8%) working without full-time pharmacists answered "always" or "usually". More than half of the registered salespersons thought that cooperation with a pharmacist was necessary when they were "asked about concomitant use with prescription drugs" or "told that side effects happened." CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that experienced registered salespersons selling OTC drugs are more likely to collect information from consumers and to provide information to consumers. It appears to be important for registered salespersons to cooperate with pharmacists in order to provide and collect appropriate information about concomitant medications.

Modulation of Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Additively Promotes Rewiring of Corticospinal Circuits after Spinal Cord Injury.

Axon regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is limited by both a decreased intrinsic ability of neurons to grow axons and the growth-hindering effects of extrinsic inhibitory molecules expressed around the lesion. Deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) augments mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and enhances the intrinsic regenerative response of injured corticospinal neurons after SCI. Because of the variety of growth-restrictive extrinsic molecules, it remains unclear how inhibition of conserved inhibitory signaling elements would affect axon regeneration and rewiring after SCI. Moreover, it remains unknown how a combinatorial approach to modulate both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms can enhance regeneration and rewiring after SCI. In the present study, we deleted RhoA and RhoC, which encode small GTPases that mediate growth inhibition signals of a variety of extrinsic molecules, to remove global extrinsic pathways. RhoA/RhoC double deletion in mice suppressed retraction or dieback of corticospinal axons after SCI. In contrast, Pten deletion increased regrowth of corticospinal axons into the lesion core. Although deletion of both RhoA and Pten did not promote axon regrowth across the lesion or motor recovery, it additively promoted rewiring of corticospinal circuits connecting the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and hindlimb muscles. Our genetic findings, therefore, reveal that a combinatorial approach to modulate both intrinsic and extrinsic factors can additively promote neural circuit rewiring after SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT SCI often causes severe motor deficits because of damage to the corticospinal tract (CST), the major neural pathway for voluntary movements. Regeneration of CST axons is required to reconstruct motor circuits and restore functions; however, a lower intrinsic ability to grow axons and extrinsic inhibitory molecules severely limit axon regeneration in the CNS. Here, we investigated whether suppression of extrinsic inhibitory cues by genetic deletion of Rho as well as enhancement of the intrinsic pathway by deletion of Pten could enable axon regrowth and rewiring of the CST after SCI. We show that simultaneous elimination of extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways can additively promote axon sprouting and rewiring of the corticospinal circuits. Our data demonstrate a potential molecular approach to reconstruct motor pathways after SCI.

Sensing of Microvascular Vasomotion Using Consumer Camera.

In this paper, we will introduce a method for observing microvascular waves (MVW) by extracting different images from the available images in the video taken with consumer cameras. Microvascular vasomotion is a dynamic phenomenon that can fluctuate over time for a variety of reasons and its sensing is used for variety of purposes. The special device, a side stream dark field camera (SDF camera) was developed in 2015 for the medical purpose to observe blood flow from above the epidermis. However, without using SDF cameras, smart signal processing can be combined with a consumer camera to analyze the global motion of microvascular vasomotion. MVW is a propagation pattern of microvascular vasomotions which reflects biological properties of vascular network. In addition, even without SDF cameras, MVW can be analyzed as a spatial and temporal pattern of microvascular vasomotion using a combination of advanced signal processing with consumer cameras. In this paper, we will demonstrate that such vascular movements and MVW can be observed using a consumer cameras. We also show a classification using it.